Av: Maria Budzynska Bu
Innen underarten A. m. mellifera skiller det seg ut forskjellige lokale «greiner»:
– vest- og sentraleuropeiske bier (i vestlige og sentrale deler av Nord-Europa),
– lyng bier (i nordligste deler av Nord-Europa), og
– skog bier (mest mot øst i Nord-Europa).
I form av anatomi, biologi og atferd er alle disse greinene svært like hverandre. Men hver av dem, i sine områder, har tilpasset seg skikkelig godt til lokale vær- og trekkforhold.
Bilde nr. 1. Vest- og sentraleuropeiske bier
Opprinnelig levde de i Vest- og Sentral-Europa (unntatt kystlinjen rundt Nordsjøen), fra Frankrike, via Sveits, Østerrike, Tyskland og Polen.
Biene har stor og kraftig kropp. Fargen er mørk brun til grå-svart og svart. På buken kan de være litt lysere.
-De har den lengste tunge mellom andre A. m. mellifera (6,15-6,45 mm).
-De er moderat svermelystne.
Bilde nr.2. Nigra
Biene avlet i Sveits Alpene. Linjen fra vest- og sentral europeiske bier.
De er karakterisert med veldig svart kropps farge. Dette er en dronning.
Bilde nr.3. Brunella.
Biene er avlet i de Tyske Alpene. Linjen fra Vest – og Sentral Europeiske bier.
Bilde nr.4. Kart nr.3. Lyngbier
– de nordligste biene. I litteraturen er de også kjent under navnet Apis mellifera lehzeni Buttel-Reepen (1906).
I fortiden levde de i Storbritannia, på Nordsjø-kysten, i Sør-Skandinavia og på Østersjø-kysten til munningen av Nemunas (blå linje på kart nr.3).
Lyngbiene er store, men de har den korteste tungen (kan være under 6 mm) av alle A. m. mellifera.
-De kan være aggressive og kan også være svermelystne.
-Lyngbier er de mest truede i dag.
Skogbiene – den østlige greinen av A.m. mellifera.
De forekommer i skogene i sentral og øst Europa og øst for Nemunas elva (kart nr.3) og Pripjat elva (kart nr. 4): i Hviterussland, Litauen, Ukraina og Russland.
I Russland er disse biene kalt: Midd Russiske bia.
De er de beste til å utnytte trekk fra skogs planter.
Arbeidsbiene er store, mørke grå, har en relativt kort tunge (ca. 6,1 mm).
Under inspeksjonen er de aggressive, rastløse. De er ganske svermelystne.
Ural biene – lokal grein av skogbien, som forekommer på taigaen i Ural (kart nr.5).
Bilde nr.6.
Kart nr.5
Ural bien er tilpasset til det harde klimaet (tåler frost ned til -50 °C).
De er villige til å sverme.
Har jevn mørk farge på kroppen.
Lengden på tungen er 6,04-6,32mm.
Disse biene blir fortsatt hold på den gamle måte (bilde nr.7 og 8)
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